کتاب تحلیل رقومی زمین ۲۰۲۵

Digital Terrain Analysis
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface to the third edition
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and acronyms
Chapter 1 Digital terrain analysis: Past and present
Abstract
Keywords
۱.۱ Why topography?
۱.۲ A short historical overviewa
۱.۳ Current advances in digital terrain analysis
۱.۳.۱ Factors in the development of geomorphometry
۱.۳.۲ Applications
References☆
Part I: Principles and methods of digital terrain modeling
Chapter 2 Topographic surface and its characterization
Abstract
Keywords
۲.۱ Topographic surface
۲.۱.۱ Definition and limitations
۲.۱.۲ Contour line and special pointsb
۲.۱.۳ Morphometric variables and their types
۲.۲ Local morphometric variables
۲.۲.۱ Overview
۲.۲.۲ Gradientd
۲.۲.۳ Aspect
۲.۲.۴ Curvatures
۲.۲.۵ Deflections
۲.۳ Nonlocal morphometric variables
۲.۳.۱ Catchment and dispersive areas
۲.۳.۲ Topographic position index
۲.۴ Structural morphometric variables
۲.۵ Two-field-specific morphometric variables
۲.۵.۱ Solar morphometric variables
۲.۵.۲ Wind morphometric variables
۲.۵.۳ View morphometric variables
۲.۶ Combined morphometric variables
۲.۶.۱ Local-nonlocal morphometric variables
۲.۶.۲ Local-local morphometric variables
۲.۷ Landform classifications
۲.۷.۱ Gaussian landform classification
۲.۷.۲ The Efremov-Krcho landform classification
۲.۷.۳ The Shary landform classification
۲.۷.۴ Other geomorphometric landform classifications
References
Chapter 3 Digital elevation models
Abstract
Keywords
۳.۱ DEM generation
۳.۱.۱ Conventional topographic surveys
۳.۱.۲ Kinematic GNSS surveys
۳.۱.۳ Stereophotogrammetry of optical remote sensing images
۳.۱.۴ Structure-from-motion technique for unmanned survey imagery
۳.۱.۵ Laser altimetry
۳.۱.۶ Synthetic aperture radar techniques
۳.۱.۷ Echo sounding
۳.۱.۸ Satellite radar altimetry
۳.۱.۹ Optical sensing of bathymetry
۳.۱.۱۰ Soil and geological core drilling
۳.۱.۱۱ Three-dimensional seismic survey
۳.۱.۱۲ Ice and ground penetrating surveys
۳.۱.۱۳ Digitizing of contours
۳.۱.۱۴ Fusion of data from different sources
۳.۲ DEM grids
۳.۲.۱ Plane grids
۳.۲.۲ Spheroidal grids
۳.۲.۳ Dense point clouds
۳.۲.۴ Datums and coordinate systems
۳.۳ DEM resolution
۳.۴ DEM interpolation
۳.۴.۱ General
۳.۴.۲ Selected methods
References☆
Chapter 4 Calculation methods
Abstract
Keywords
۴.۱ The Evans-Young method
۴.۲ Calculation of local morphometric variables on a plane square grid
۴.۲.۱ Motivation
۴.۲.۲ Formulas
۴.۲.۳ Method validation
۴.۳ Calculation of local morphometric variables on a spheroidal equal angular grid on a sphere and an ellipsoid of revolution
۴.۳.۱ Motivation
۴.۳.۲ Formulas
۴.۳.۳ Linear sizes of a spheroidal equal angular window
۴.۳.۴ Discussion
۴.۴ Calculation of nonlocal morphometric variables
۴.۴.۱ Plane square grid
۴.۴.۲ Spheroidal equal angular grid on a sphere and an ellipsoid of revolution
۴.۵ Calculation of structural morphometric variables
۴.۵.۱ Conventional algorithms
۴.۵.۲ Horizontal deflection
۴.۶ Calculation of two-field-specific morphometric variables
۴.۶.۱ Calculation of solar morphometric variables
۴.۶.۲ Calculation of wind morphometric variables
۴.۶.۳ Calculation of view morphometric variables
۴.۷ Calculation of combined morphometric variables
۴.۸ Calculation of landform classifications
۴.۹ Calculations on a triaxial ellipsoid
۴.۹.۱ Motivation
۴.۹.۲ Coordinate systems
۴.۹.۳ Solution for the inverse geodetic problem
۴.۹.۴ Length of meridian and parallel arcs
۴.۹.۵ Cell area
۴.۹.۶ General algorithms for geomorphometric calculations
References
Chapter 5 Errors and accuracy
Abstract
Keywords
۵.۱ Sources of DEM errors
۵.۱.۱ DEMs from conventional topographic surveys
۵.۱.۲ DEMs from kinematic GNSS topographic surveys
۵.۱.۳ DEMs from stereophotogrammetry of optical remote sensing images
۵.۱.۴ UAV- and SfM-based DEMs
۵.۱.۵ Lidar DEMs
۵.۱.۶ Interferometric DEMs
۵.۱.۷ Bathymetric DEMs
۵.۱.۸ Subsurface DEMs
۵.۱.۹ Contour-based DEMs
۵.۱.۱۰ Fused DEMs
۵.۲ Estimation of DEM accuracy
۵.۳ Calculation accuracy of local morphometric variables
۵.۳.۱ Motivation
۵.۳.۲ RMSE formulas for local morphometric variables
۵.۳.۳ RMSE formulas for the partial derivatives
۵.۳.۴ RMSE mapping
۵.۴ Ignoring the sampling theorem
۵.۴.۱ Motivation
۵.۴.۲ Materials and data processing
۵.۴.۳ Results and discussion
۵.۵ The Gibbs phenomenon
۵.۵.۱ Motivation
۵.۵.۲ Materials and data processing
۵.۵.۳ Results and discussion
۵.۶ Grid displacement
۵.۶.۱ Motivation
۵.۶.۲ Materials and data processing
۵.۶.۳ Results and discussion
۵.۷ Linear artifacts
۵.۷.۱ Motivation
۵.۷.۲ Isotropy of local morphometric variables
References
Chapter 6 Filtering
Abstract
Keywords
۶.۱ Tasks of DTM filtering
۶.۱.۱ Decomposition of the topographic surface
۶.۱.۲ Denoising
۶.۱.۳ Generalization
۶.۲ Methods of DTM filtering
۶.۲.۱ Trend-surface analysis
۶.۲.۲ The Filosofov method
۶.۲.۳ Two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform
۶.۲.۴ Two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform
۶.۲.۵ Smoothing
۶.۲.۶ Data elimination
۶.۲.۷ Cutting method
۶.۳ Two-dimensional singular spectrum analysis
۶.۳.۱ Formulas
۶.۳.۲ Materials and data processing
۶.۳.۳ Results and discussion
References
Chapter 7 Universal spectral analytical modeling
Abstract
Keywords
۷.۱ Motivation
۷.۲ Method
۷.۲.۱ Calculation of expansion coefficients
۷.۲.۲ The Fejér summation
۷.۲.۳ Reconstruction of the approximated function
۷.۲.۴ Calculation of derivatives
۷.۳ Algorithm
۷.۴ Materials and data processing
۷.۵ Results and discussion
References
Chapter 8 Mapping and visualization
Abstract
Keywords
۸.۱ Peculiarities of morphometric mapping
۸.۲ Combined visualization of morphometric variables
۸.۳ Combining hill-shaded maps with soil and geological data
۸.۴ Cross sections
۸.۵ Three-dimensional modeling
۸.۵.۱ Three-dimensional terrain modeling
۸.۵.۲ Three-dimensional subsurface modeling
۸.۶ Virtual globes
۸.۶.۱ Desktop globes
۸.۶.۲ Web globes
References
Part II: Digital terrain modeling in soil science
Chapter 9 Influence of topography on soil properties
Abstract
Keywords
۹.۱ Introduction
۹.۲ Local morphometric variables and soil
۹.۳ Nonlocal morphometric variables and soil
۹.۴ Discussion
References
Chapter 10 Adequate resolution of models
Abstract
Keywords
۱۰.۱ Motivation
۱۰.۲ Theory
۱۰.۳ Field study
۱۰.۳.۱ Study site
۱۰.۳.۲ Materials and methods
۱۰.۳.۳ Results and discussion
References
Chapter 11 Predictive soil mapping
Abstract
Keywords
۱۱.۱ The Dokuchaev hypothesis as a central idea of soil predictions
۱۱.۲ Early models
۱۱.۳ Current predictive methods
۱۱.۳.۱ Classification of methods
۱۱.۳.۲ Mathematical approaches
۱۱.۳.۳ Small-scale predictive models and upscaling
۱۱.۳.۴ Prediction accuracy
۱۱.۴ Topographic multivariable approach
References
Chapter 12 Analyzing relationships in the topography-soil system
Abstract
Keywords
۱۲.۱ Motivation
۱۲.۲ Study sites
۱۲.۳ Materials and methods
۱۲.۳.۱ Field work
۱۲.۳.۲ Laboratory analyses
۱۲.۳.۳ Data processing
۱۲.۴ Results and discussion
۱۲.۴.۱ Variability in relationships between soil and morphometric variables
۱۲.۴.۲ Topography and denitrification
References
Part III: Digital terrain modeling in geology
Chapter 13 Folds and folding
Abstract
Keywords
۱۳.۱ Introduction
۱۳.۲ Fold geometry and fold classification
۱۳.۳ Predicting the degree of fold deformation and fracturing
۱۳.۴ Folding models and the Theorema Egregium
References
Chapter 14 Lineaments and faults
Abstract
Keywords
۱۴.۱ Motivation
۱۴.۲ Theory
۱۴.۳ Method validation
۱۴.۳.۱ Materials and data processing
۱۴.۳.۲ Results and discussion
۱۴.۳.۳ Strike, dip, and displacement estimation
۱۴.۴ Two case studies
۱۴.۴.۱ The Crimean peninsula
۱۴.۴.۲ The Kurchatov city area
References
Chapter 15 Accumulation zones and fault intersections
Abstract
Keywords
۱۵.۱ Motivation
۱۵.۲ Study area
۱۵.۳ Materials and methods
۱۵.۴ Results and discussion
References
Chapter 16 Global topography and tectonic structures
Abstract
Keywords
۱۶.۱ Motivation
۱۶.۲ Materials and data processing
۱۶.۳ Results and discussion
۱۶.۳.۱ General interpretation
۱۶.۳.۲ Global helical structures
References
Part IV: Digital terrain modeling in glaciology and polar research
Chapter 17 Glacier motion and evolution
Abstract
Keywords
۱۷.۱ Introduction
۱۷.۲ Glacier mass balance
۱۷.۳ Ice flow velocity
۱۷.۴ Glacier force balance
References
Chapter 18 Crevasses
Abstract
Keywords
۱۸.۱ Motivation
۱۸.۲ Study area
۱۸.۳ Materials and methods
۱۸.۳.۱ UAS characteristics
۱۸.۳.۲ UAS surveying
۱۸.۳.۳ Data processing
۱۸.۴ Results and discussion
References
Chapter 19 Catastrophic glacier events
Abstract
Keywords
۱۹.۱ Motivation
۱۹.۲ Study area
۱۹.۳ Materials and methods
۱۹.۳.۱ UAS surveying
۱۹.۳.۲ Data processing
۱۹.۴ Results and interpretation
References
Chapter 20 Antarctic oases
Abstract
Keywords
۲۰.۱ Motivation
۲۰.۲ Study area
۲۰.۳ Materials and methods
۲۰.۳.۱ Geomorphometric modeling
۲۰.۳.۲ Field geomorphometric interpretation
۲۰.۴ Results
۲۰.۵ Discussion
References
Chapter 21 Concluding remarks and pending problems
Abstract
Keywords
۲۱.۱ Geomorphometry today
۲۱.۲ Theory
۲۱.۳ Data processing
۲۱.۴ Applications
References
References
Index