کتاب تحلیل رقومی زمین ۲۰۲۵

Digital Terrain Analysis
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface to the third edition
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and acronyms
Chapter 1 Digital terrain analysis: Past and present
Abstract
Keywords
1.1 Why topography?
1.2 A short historical overviewa
1.3 Current advances in digital terrain analysis
1.3.1 Factors in the development of geomorphometry
1.3.2 Applications
References☆
Part I: Principles and methods of digital terrain modeling
Chapter 2 Topographic surface and its characterization
Abstract
Keywords
2.1 Topographic surface
2.1.1 Definition and limitations
2.1.2 Contour line and special pointsb
2.1.3 Morphometric variables and their types
2.2 Local morphometric variables
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 Gradientd
2.2.3 Aspect
2.2.4 Curvatures
2.2.5 Deflections
2.3 Nonlocal morphometric variables
2.3.1 Catchment and dispersive areas
2.3.2 Topographic position index
2.4 Structural morphometric variables
2.5 Two-field-specific morphometric variables
2.5.1 Solar morphometric variables
2.5.2 Wind morphometric variables
2.5.3 View morphometric variables
2.6 Combined morphometric variables
2.6.1 Local-nonlocal morphometric variables
2.6.2 Local-local morphometric variables
2.7 Landform classifications
2.7.1 Gaussian landform classification
2.7.2 The Efremov-Krcho landform classification
2.7.3 The Shary landform classification
2.7.4 Other geomorphometric landform classifications
References
Chapter 3 Digital elevation models
Abstract
Keywords
3.1 DEM generation
3.1.1 Conventional topographic surveys
3.1.2 Kinematic GNSS surveys
3.1.3 Stereophotogrammetry of optical remote sensing images
3.1.4 Structure-from-motion technique for unmanned survey imagery
3.1.5 Laser altimetry
3.1.6 Synthetic aperture radar techniques
3.1.7 Echo sounding
3.1.8 Satellite radar altimetry
3.1.9 Optical sensing of bathymetry
3.1.10 Soil and geological core drilling
3.1.11 Three-dimensional seismic survey
3.1.12 Ice and ground penetrating surveys
3.1.13 Digitizing of contours
3.1.14 Fusion of data from different sources
3.2 DEM grids
3.2.1 Plane grids
3.2.2 Spheroidal grids
3.2.3 Dense point clouds
3.2.4 Datums and coordinate systems
3.3 DEM resolution
3.4 DEM interpolation
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Selected methods
References☆
Chapter 4 Calculation methods
Abstract
Keywords
4.1 The Evans-Young method
4.2 Calculation of local morphometric variables on a plane square grid
4.2.1 Motivation
4.2.2 Formulas
4.2.3 Method validation
4.3 Calculation of local morphometric variables on a spheroidal equal angular grid on a sphere and an ellipsoid of revolution
4.3.1 Motivation
4.3.2 Formulas
4.3.3 Linear sizes of a spheroidal equal angular window
4.3.4 Discussion
4.4 Calculation of nonlocal morphometric variables
4.4.1 Plane square grid
4.4.2 Spheroidal equal angular grid on a sphere and an ellipsoid of revolution
4.5 Calculation of structural morphometric variables
4.5.1 Conventional algorithms
4.5.2 Horizontal deflection
4.6 Calculation of two-field-specific morphometric variables
4.6.1 Calculation of solar morphometric variables
4.6.2 Calculation of wind morphometric variables
4.6.3 Calculation of view morphometric variables
4.7 Calculation of combined morphometric variables
4.8 Calculation of landform classifications
4.9 Calculations on a triaxial ellipsoid
4.9.1 Motivation
4.9.2 Coordinate systems
4.9.3 Solution for the inverse geodetic problem
4.9.4 Length of meridian and parallel arcs
4.9.5 Cell area
4.9.6 General algorithms for geomorphometric calculations
References
Chapter 5 Errors and accuracy
Abstract
Keywords
5.1 Sources of DEM errors
5.1.1 DEMs from conventional topographic surveys
5.1.2 DEMs from kinematic GNSS topographic surveys
5.1.3 DEMs from stereophotogrammetry of optical remote sensing images
5.1.4 UAV- and SfM-based DEMs
5.1.5 Lidar DEMs
5.1.6 Interferometric DEMs
5.1.7 Bathymetric DEMs
5.1.8 Subsurface DEMs
5.1.9 Contour-based DEMs
5.1.10 Fused DEMs
5.2 Estimation of DEM accuracy
5.3 Calculation accuracy of local morphometric variables
5.3.1 Motivation
5.3.2 RMSE formulas for local morphometric variables
5.3.3 RMSE formulas for the partial derivatives
5.3.4 RMSE mapping
5.4 Ignoring the sampling theorem
5.4.1 Motivation
5.4.2 Materials and data processing
5.4.3 Results and discussion
5.5 The Gibbs phenomenon
5.5.1 Motivation
5.5.2 Materials and data processing
5.5.3 Results and discussion
5.6 Grid displacement
5.6.1 Motivation
5.6.2 Materials and data processing
5.6.3 Results and discussion
5.7 Linear artifacts
5.7.1 Motivation
5.7.2 Isotropy of local morphometric variables
References
Chapter 6 Filtering
Abstract
Keywords
6.1 Tasks of DTM filtering
6.1.1 Decomposition of the topographic surface
6.1.2 Denoising
6.1.3 Generalization
6.2 Methods of DTM filtering
6.2.1 Trend-surface analysis
6.2.2 The Filosofov method
6.2.3 Two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform
6.2.4 Two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform
6.2.5 Smoothing
6.2.6 Data elimination
6.2.7 Cutting method
6.3 Two-dimensional singular spectrum analysis
6.3.1 Formulas
6.3.2 Materials and data processing
6.3.3 Results and discussion
References
Chapter 7 Universal spectral analytical modeling
Abstract
Keywords
7.1 Motivation
7.2 Method
7.2.1 Calculation of expansion coefficients
7.2.2 The Fejér summation
7.2.3 Reconstruction of the approximated function
7.2.4 Calculation of derivatives
7.3 Algorithm
7.4 Materials and data processing
7.5 Results and discussion
References
Chapter 8 Mapping and visualization
Abstract
Keywords
8.1 Peculiarities of morphometric mapping
8.2 Combined visualization of morphometric variables
8.3 Combining hill-shaded maps with soil and geological data
8.4 Cross sections
8.5 Three-dimensional modeling
8.5.1 Three-dimensional terrain modeling
8.5.2 Three-dimensional subsurface modeling
8.6 Virtual globes
8.6.1 Desktop globes
8.6.2 Web globes
References
Part II: Digital terrain modeling in soil science
Chapter 9 Influence of topography on soil properties
Abstract
Keywords
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Local morphometric variables and soil
9.3 Nonlocal morphometric variables and soil
9.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 10 Adequate resolution of models
Abstract
Keywords
10.1 Motivation
10.2 Theory
10.3 Field study
10.3.1 Study site
10.3.2 Materials and methods
10.3.3 Results and discussion
References
Chapter 11 Predictive soil mapping
Abstract
Keywords
11.1 The Dokuchaev hypothesis as a central idea of soil predictions
11.2 Early models
11.3 Current predictive methods
11.3.1 Classification of methods
11.3.2 Mathematical approaches
11.3.3 Small-scale predictive models and upscaling
11.3.4 Prediction accuracy
11.4 Topographic multivariable approach
References
Chapter 12 Analyzing relationships in the topography-soil system
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 Motivation
12.2 Study sites
12.3 Materials and methods
12.3.1 Field work
12.3.2 Laboratory analyses
12.3.3 Data processing
12.4 Results and discussion
12.4.1 Variability in relationships between soil and morphometric variables
12.4.2 Topography and denitrification
References
Part III: Digital terrain modeling in geology
Chapter 13 Folds and folding
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fold geometry and fold classification
13.3 Predicting the degree of fold deformation and fracturing
13.4 Folding models and the Theorema Egregium
References
Chapter 14 Lineaments and faults
Abstract
Keywords
14.1 Motivation
14.2 Theory
14.3 Method validation
14.3.1 Materials and data processing
14.3.2 Results and discussion
14.3.3 Strike, dip, and displacement estimation
14.4 Two case studies
14.4.1 The Crimean peninsula
14.4.2 The Kurchatov city area
References
Chapter 15 Accumulation zones and fault intersections
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Motivation
15.2 Study area
15.3 Materials and methods
15.4 Results and discussion
References
Chapter 16 Global topography and tectonic structures
Abstract
Keywords
16.1 Motivation
16.2 Materials and data processing
16.3 Results and discussion
16.3.1 General interpretation
16.3.2 Global helical structures
References
Part IV: Digital terrain modeling in glaciology and polar research
Chapter 17 Glacier motion and evolution
Abstract
Keywords
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Glacier mass balance
17.3 Ice flow velocity
17.4 Glacier force balance
References
Chapter 18 Crevasses
Abstract
Keywords
18.1 Motivation
18.2 Study area
18.3 Materials and methods
18.3.1 UAS characteristics
18.3.2 UAS surveying
18.3.3 Data processing
18.4 Results and discussion
References
Chapter 19 Catastrophic glacier events
Abstract
Keywords
19.1 Motivation
19.2 Study area
19.3 Materials and methods
19.3.1 UAS surveying
19.3.2 Data processing
19.4 Results and interpretation
References
Chapter 20 Antarctic oases
Abstract
Keywords
20.1 Motivation
20.2 Study area
20.3 Materials and methods
20.3.1 Geomorphometric modeling
20.3.2 Field geomorphometric interpretation
20.4 Results
20.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 21 Concluding remarks and pending problems
Abstract
Keywords
21.1 Geomorphometry today
21.2 Theory
21.3 Data processing
21.4 Applications
References
References
Index