کتاب سنجش از دور برای ژئوفیزیکدانان ۲۰۲۵

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Aims and Scope
Synopsis of the Book
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Part I Remote Sensing in Gravity Methods
۱ Satellite Gravimetry for Geophysical Purposes
۱.۱ Introduction
۱.۲ Satellite Gravimetry
۱.۳ Global Gravity Field Models
۱.۴ Gravity Corrections
۱.۴.۱ Bouguer Plate Correction
۱.۴.۲ Terrain Correction
۱.۴.۳ Sediment Correction
۱.۴.۴ GIA Gravity Correction
۱.۴.۵ Additional Corrections
۱.۵ Gravity Inversion and Data Enhancement Techniques
۱.۶ Isostatic State From Gravity Data
۱.۷ Conclusion
References
۲ Assimilating GRACE Data Into a Hydrological Model: An Overview
۲.۱ Introduction
۲.۲ Hydrologic Models
۲.۲.۱ Sources of Hydrological Model Uncertainties
۲.۳ GRACE. Data
۲.۳.۱ GRACE Application for Hydrological Purposes
۲.۴ Data Assimilation
۲.۴.۱ Hydrological Data Assimilation
۲.۴.۲ Data Assimilation Filters
۲.۴.۳ Satellite Data Assimilation Challenges
۲.۴.۴ Applications and Case Studies
۲.۴.۵ Challenges of GRACE DA
۲.۴.۶ Multivariate Data Assimilation
۲.۵ Conclusions
References
۳ Satellite-Based Geodesy
۳.۱ Introduction
۳.۲ History of Satellite-Based Geodesy
۳.۲.۱ The Evolution of World Geodetic System
۳.۳ Geometric Satellite Geodesy
۳.۳.۱ Satellite Positioning Systems
۳.۳.۲ Figure of the Earth
۳.۳.۳ GNSS Radio Occultation
۳.۳.۴ Differential GPS
۳.۴ Satellite Physical Geodesy
۳.۴.۱ Geoid Determination
۳.۴.۲ Earth’s Gravity Determination
۳.۵ Tectonic Motion, Variations, and Deformation
۳.۵.۱ Satellite Altimetry
۳.۵.۱.۱ Radar Altimetry
۳.۵.۱.۲ Laser Altimetry
۳.۵.۲ SAR Interferometry
۳.۶ Applications of Satellite-Based Geodesy
۳.۷ Conclusion
References
۴ A Brief History of GIA Research and Recent Advances Via Remote Sensing
۴.۱ Introduction – The Discovery of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
۴.۲ Modeling Glacial Isostatic Adjustment
۴.۳ Observations for Estimating GIA
۴.۴ How GRACE Pushed GIA Research
۴.۴.۱ The Problem of Source Separation
۴.۴.۲ Insights Into GIA From Remote Sensing in the Last Decade
۴.۵ What Can We Expect in the Future?
References
Part II Remote Sensing in Magnetic Methods
۵ Understanding Geomagnetic Environment From Satellite and Ground-Based Magnetometers
۵.۱ Introduction
۵.۲ Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism
۵.۳ Brief History of Developments in Geomagnetism
۵.۴ Regions Within the Magnetosphere
۵.۵ Earth’s Internal Structure
۵.۶ Magnetometers
۵.۶.۱ Variometer
۵.۶.۲ Fluxgate Magnetometer
۵.۶.۳ Induction Coil Magnetometer
۵.۶.۴ Proton-Precession Magnetometer
۵.۶.۵ Ionized Gas Magnetometers/Optically Pumped Magnetometers
۵.۶.۶ Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUID)
۵.۷ Space and Airborne Magnetometry
۵.۸ Ground-Based Magnetometers
۵.۹ Discussion and Summary
References
۶ Mineral Exploration Using Remote Sensing
۶.۱ Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
۶.۲ Overview of Mineral Exploration
۶.۳ Remote Sensing Datasets and Processing
۶.۴ Case Study: Mineral Potential Zones Mapping in Gadag, Karnataka, India
۶.۵ Conclusion and Future Scope
References
۷ Monitoring the Ionosphere Using Remote Sensing Techniques
۷.۱ Introduction
۷.۲ Types of Observational Techniques
۷.۳ Remote Sensing Techniques
۷.۳.۱ Remote Sensing Using Radio Waves
۷.۳.۱.۱ Ionosondes
۷.۳.۱.۲ Trans-Ionospheric Propagations
۷.۳.۱.۳ High-Frequency Doppler
۷.۳.۱.۴ Very Low-Frequency Propagation
۷.۳.۱.۵ Satellite Navigation
۷.۳.۱.۶ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
۷.۳.۱.۷ Riometer
۷.۳.۲ Remote Sensing Using Scatter Radar Techniques
۷.۳.۲.۱ Coherent Scatter Radar
۷.۳.۲.۲ Incoherent Scatter Radar
۷.۳.۳ Remote Sensing Using Optical Instruments
۷.۳.۳.۱ Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)
۷.۳.۳.۲ Airglow Instrument
۷.۴ Summary
۷.۵ Future Scope and Challenges
References
Part III Remote Sensing in Seismic Methods
۸ Using Remote Sensing for Seismic Interpretation: A Case Study From Coastal Tanzanian Basin
۸.۱ Introduction
۸.۲ Remote Sensing Data and Interpretation
۸.۲.۱ Remote Sensing in Geological Mapping
۸.۲.۲ Remote Sensing Application for Geohazard and Hydrocarbon Resources Assessment
۸.۳ Seismic Interpretation
۸.۳.۱ Seismic Interpretation: Assessment of Depositional Systems
۸.۳.۲ Seismic Interpretation: Background and Exploration of Natural Resources
۸.۴ Combined Remote Sensing and Seismic Interpretation: Case Study
۸.۴.۱ Combined SRTM DEM and Seismic Data
۸.۴.۲ Combined GEBCO and Seismic Data
۸.۵ Conclusion
References
۹ Remote Sensing for Studying Pre-Earthquake Phenomena
۹.۱ Introduction
۹.۲ Theories to Explain the Geo-Layers Interaction Before the Earthquakes
۹.۳ Remote Sensing to Study the Preparation Phase of the Earthquakes
۹.۴ A Cutting-Edge Tool to Access Geophysical Data: EPOS Platform
۹.۵ Example of Application to a Recent Case Study
۹.۵.۱ The Morocco 2023 Earthquake
۹.۵.۲ The Morocco 2023 Earthquake: Lithospheric Investigation
۹.۵.۳ The Morocco 2023 Earthquake: Atmospheric Investigation
۹.۵.۴ The Morocco 2023 Earthquake: Ionospheric Investigation
۹.۵.۵ The Morocco 2023 Earthquake: Summary Searching Possible LAIC
۹.۶ Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
۱۰ Remote Sensing for Neotectonic Investigations: A Case Study From Southern Egypt
۱۰.۱ Introduction
۱۰.۱.۱ Goals
۱۰.۲ Materials and Methods
۱۰.۲.۱ Optical Satellite Data
۱۰.۲.۲ Radar Data
۱۰.۲.۳ DEM Data
۱۰.۲.۴ Structural Analysis
۱۰.۳ Geographic and Geologic Overview
۱۰.۴ Results
۱۰.۴.۱ Evaluations of Optical Satellite Data
۱۰.۴.۲ Evaluations of Radar Images
۱۰.۴.۳ Evaluations of DEM Data
۱۰.۵ Conclusions
References
Part IV Remote Sensing in Electrical Methods
۱۱ Integrated Approaches to Groundwater Exploration: A Case Study of Maze Catchment, Ethiopia
۱۱.۱ Introduction
۱۱.۱.۱ Importance of Groundwater Resource Management
۱۱.۱.۲ Parameters Controlling Groundwater Occurrence
۱۱.۱.۳ Methods of Groundwater Exploration
۱۱.۱.۴ Aims and Objectives
۱۱.۲ Materials and Methods
۱۱.۲.۱ Data Sources
۱۱.۲.۲ Description of the Study Area
۱۱.۲.۳ Thematic Layers Preparation
۱۱.۲.۳.۱ Lithology
۱۱.۲.۳.۲ Lineament Density
۱۱.۲.۳.۳ Elevation
۱۱.۲.۳.۴ Rainfall
۱۱.۲.۳.۵ Soil Texture
۱۱.۲.۳.۶ NDVI
۱۱.۲.۳.۷ LULC
۱۱.۲.۳.۸ Slope
۱۱.۲.۳.۹ Drainage Density
۱۱.۲.۴ Analytical Hierarchy Process Method (AHP)
۱۱.۲.۵ Validation in Groundwater Potential Assessment
۱۱.۳ Results and Discussions
۱۱.۳.۱ Results
۱۱.۳.۲ Validation
۱۱.۳.۳ Discussions
۱۱.۴ Conclusion
۱۱.۵ Suggestions, Future Scope, and Limitations
References
۱۲ Mineral Mapping Using Geoelectrics and Remote Sensing
۱۲.۱ Introduction
۱۲.۲ Geoelectrical Techniques for Mineral Mapping
۱۲.۲.۱ Resistivity Method
۱۲.۲.۲ Induced Polarization
۱۲.۳ Remote Sensing Technology for Mineral Mapping
۱۲.۳.۱ Multispectral
۱۲.۳.۲ Hyperspectral
۱۲.۴ Integrating Geoelectrical Data With Remote Sensing
۱۲.۵ Conclusion
References
۱۳ Satellite-Based Investigations of Ionospheric Electric Fields
۱۳.۱ Introduction to Ionospheric Electric Fields
۱۳.۱.۱ Mechanisms
۱۳.۱.۲ Prompt Penetration Electric Fields (PPEFs)
۱۳.۱.۳ Impact of Geomagnetic Storms
۱۳.۱.۴ Models for Analyzing Ionospheric Electric Fields
۱۳.۱.۵ Significance in Space Weather
۱۳.۲ Techniques and Instruments for Measuring Ionospheric Electric Fields
۱۳.۳ Satellite Observations of Ionospheric Electric Fields and Currents
۱۳.۳.۱ Satellite Observations and Earthquake Research
۱۳.۴ Conclusions
References
Part V Remote Sensing in Electromagnetic Methods
۱۴ Remote Sensing Assessment of Accumulation Area Ratio in Glacier Monitoring
۱۴.۱ Introduction
۱۴.۲ Study Area
۱۴.۳ Materials and Methods
۱۴.۴ Methodology
۱۴.۴.۱ DEM and TSL-Based Method
۱۴.۴.۲ Glacier Boundary and TSL-Based Method
۱۴.۴.۳ Snow Cover-Based Techniques
۱۴.۵ Results
۱۴.۵.۱ DEM and TSL-Based Approach
۱۴.۵.۲ Glacier Boundary and TSL-Based Approach
۱۴.۵.۳ Snow Cover-Based Techniques
۱۴.۵.۳.۱ NIR Reflectance-Based Thresholds Method
۱۴.۵.۳.۲ NDSI Thresholds Method
۱۴.۵.۴ Field Weather-Based AAR Method
۱۴.۶ Correlation Analysis
۱۴.۷ Uncertainty Analysis
۱۴.۸ Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
۱۵ Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) in Geophysics
۱۵.۱ Introduction
۱۵.۱.۱ History of RPAS in Geophysics
۱۵.۱.۲ Types of RPAS
۱۵.۲ High-Resolution Geophysical Data
۱۵.۳ Sensor Integration
۱۵.۴ Applications of RPAS in Geophysical Surveys
۱۵.۵ Real-Time Data Processing, Analysis, and Visualization
۱۵.۵.۱ Real-Time Data Processing
۱۵.۵.۲ Real-Time Data Analysis
۱۵.۵.۳ Real-Time Data Visualization
۱۵.۶ Conclusion
References
۱۶ Electromagnetic Methods in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۱ Introduction
۱۶.۱.۱ Historical Background
۱۶.۲ Induced Polarization Method in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۲.۱ Principles of Induced Polarization
۱۶.۲.۲ Measured Properties
۱۶.۳ Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۴ Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۵ Frequency Domain Electromagnetic (FDEM) Surveys in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۶ Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) Surveys in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۷ Applications
۱۶.۷.۱ Peatland Characterization
۱۶.۷.۲ Soil Degradation
۱۶.۷.۳ Hydrocarbon Degradation
۱۶.۸ Remote Sensing Applications in Biogeophysics
۱۶.۹ Conclusions
References
۱۷ Remote Sensing Methods in Agrogeophysical Investigations
۱۷.۱ Introduction
۱۷.۱.۱ What Is Soil Moisture?
۱۷.۱.۱.۱ Methods Used for Measuring Soil Moisture
۱۷.۲ Harnessing Remote Sensing for Soil Moisture Monitoring: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges
۱۷.۲.۱ Key Concepts of Soil Moisture Measurement Using Remote Sensing
۱۷.۳ Enhancing Agricultural Practices Through Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture
۱۷.۳.۱ Irrigation Management
۱۷.۳.۲ Crop Monitoring and Management
۱۷.۳.۳ Yield Prediction and Estimation
۱۷.۳.۴ Risk Management
۱۷.۳.۵ Environmental Conservation
۱۷.۴ Practical Applications of Geophysical Methods for Soil Analysis in Agriculture
۱۷.۴.۱ Electrical Conductivity (EC) Method
۱۷.۴.۱.۱ Understanding the Basics
۱۷.۴.۱.۲ Setting Up EC Measurements
۱۷.۴.۱.۳ Conducting Field Surveys
۱۷.۴.۱.۴ Interpreting EC Data
۱۷.۴.۱.۵ Practical Applications
۱۷.۴.۲ Electromagnetic (EM) Induction Method
۱۷.۴.۲.۱ Introduction to EM Induction
۱۷.۴.۲.۲ Equipment and Setup
۱۷.۴.۲.۳ Conducting EM Surveys
۱۷.۴.۲.۴ Data Analysis and Interpretation
۱۷.۴.۲.۵ Practical Applications in Agriculture
۱۷.۴.۳ Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Method
۱۷.۴.۳.۱ Equipment and Setup
۱۷.۴.۳.۲ Conducting GPR Surveys
۱۷.۴.۳.۳ Data Analysis and Interpretation
۱۷.۴.۳.۴ Practical Applications in Agriculture
۱۷.۵ Conclusion
References
۱۸ Remote Sensing in Coastal Studies
۱۸.۱ Introduction
۱۸.۲ Importance of Remote Sensing in Coastal Studies
۱۸.۳ Applications of Remote Sensing to Coastal Studies
۱۸.۳.۱ Passive Sensors
۱۸.۳.۲ Active Sensors
۱۸.۳.۲.۱ Stereoscopic Digital Elevation Models and Altimeters
۱۸.۳.۲.۲ DInSAR Technique
۱۸.۳.۲.۳ LiDAR and TLS Techniques
۱۸.۳.۲.۴ The Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry
۱۸.۴ Case Studies
۱۸.۴.۱ Generation of Digital Great Britain Coastlines (DiGBcoast V1.0)
۱۸.۴.۲ Assessment of Shoreline Change From SAR Satellite Imagery
۱۸.۴.۳ Monitoring Coastal Erosion and Accretion in a Volcanic Island in Antarctica (Deception Island)
۱۸.۵ Challenges and Future Directions
Notes
References
Part VI Remote Sensing in Radioactivity Methods
۱۹ Mineral Identification Using Remote Sensing Data
۱۹.۱ Introduction
۱۹.۲ Hydrothermal Alteration Minerals and Their Spectral Characteristics
۱۹.۲.۱ Iron Oxide/Hydroxide Mineral Groups
۱۹.۲.۲ OH-Mineral Groups
۱۹.۲.۳ Carbonates, Silicate, and Uranium Minerals
۱۹.۳ Optical Remote Sensing Satellite Sensors
۱۹.۳.۱ Multispectral Sensors
۱۹.۳.۲ Hyperspectral Sensors
۱۹.۴ Active Remote Sensing Satellite Sensors
۱۹.۵ LiDAR and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing Sensors
۱۹.۵.۱ LiDAR Sensors
۱۹.۵.۲ Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Sensors
۱۹.۶ Data Acquisition Websites
۱۹.۷ Image Processing Techniques
۱۹.۷.۱ Preprocessing
۱۹.۷.۱.۱ Smile Effect Correction
۱۹.۷.۱.۲ Atmospheric Correction
۱۹.۷.۱.۳ Topographic Correction
۱۹.۷.۱.۴ Data Quality Assessment
۱۹.۷.۲ Processing
۱۹.۷.۲.۱ Virtual Dimensionality
۱۹.۷.۲.۲ Unmixing Models
۱۹.۷.۲.۳ Performance Metrics of Methods
۱۹.۸ Limitations and Future Directions
References
۲۰ Remote Sensing Detection of Marine Radioactivity
۲۰.۱ Introduction
۲۰.۲ Geophysical and Remote Sensing Methods
۲۰.۲.۱ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
۲۰.۲.۲ Neutron Activation Analysis
۲۰.۲.۳ Underwater Radiometric Surveys
۲۰.۲.۴ Remote Sensing Methods
۲۰.۳ Integration of Remote Sensing With Models
۲۰.۴ Applications
۲۰.۴.۱ Aftermath of a Nuclear Accident
۲۰.۴.۲ Nuclear Power Plant Discharges
۲۰.۴.۳ Natural Occurrence of Marine Radioactive Materials
۲۰.۵ Conclusion
References
Part VII Remote Sensing in Geophysical Well-Logging
۲۱ Remote Sensing for Hydrocarbon Exploration
۲۱.۱ Introduction
۲۱.۲ Remote Sensing Sensors for Hydrocarbon Exploration
۲۱.۲.۱ Multispectral
۲۱.۲.۱.۱ Identification of Hydrocarbon Seeps
۲۱.۲.۱.۲ Mapping Geological Structures
۲۱.۲.۱.۳ Detection of Surface Anomalies
۲۱.۲.۱.۴ Environmental Monitoring
۲۱.۲.۲ Hyperspectral
۲۱.۲.۳ Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
۲۱.۲.۴ Thermal Infrared
۲۱.۳ Integration of Remote Sensing Data With Geophysical Methods
۲۱.۳.۱ Seismic Methods
۲۱.۳.۱.۱ Initial Survey and Basin Analysis
۲۱.۳.۱.۲ Detailed Structural and Stratigraphic Analysis
۲۱.۳.۱.۳ Monitoring and Environmental Assessment
۲۱.۳.۱.۴ Data Fusion and Interpretation
۲۱.۳.۲ Gravitational Measurements
۲۱.۴ Recent Advancements
۲۱.۴.۱ Sensor Technology
۲۱.۴.۲ Data Analysis
۲۱.۴.۳ Machine Learning Algorithms
۲۱.۵ Remote Sensing in Geophysical Well-Logging
۲۱.۵.۱ Pre-Drilling Site Assessment
۲۱.۵.۲ Enhanced Subsurface Understanding
۲۱.۵.۳ Monitoring and Environmental Management
۲۱.۵.۴ Integration With Well-Log Data
۲۱.۵.۵ Enhanced Exploration Efficiency
۲۱.۵.۶ Real-Time Data Integration
۲۱.۶ Conclusion
References
۲۲ Role of Remote Sensing in Groundwater Well-Logging
۲۲.۱ Introduction
۲۲.۲ Physical Properties of Boreholes
۲۲.۳ Remote Sensing Technology for Groundwater Well-Logging
۲۲.۳.۱ Satellites and Aerial Remote Sensing
۲۲.۳.۱.۱ InSAR
۲۲.۳.۱.۲ LiDAR
۲۲.۳.۱.۳ Thermal Infrared
۲۲.۳.۱.۴ Multispectral
۲۲.۳.۱.۵ Electromagnetic Surveys
۲۲.۳.۱.۶ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
۲۲.۳.۱.۷ Airborne Gravity Surveys
۲۲.۳.۲ Surface-Based Remote Sensing
۲۲.۴ Detection of Surface Indicators
۲۲.۴.۱ Vegetation Health
۲۲.۴.۲ Soil Moisture Content
۲۲.۴.۳ Surface Temperature
۲۲.۴.۴ Mapping Geological Features
۲۲.۴.۵ Land Use
۲۲.۵ Integration of Remote Sensing With Well-Logging Data
۲۲.۵.۱ Geospatial Models
۲۲.۵.۲ Statistical Models
۲۲.۶ Conclusion
References
Part VIII Remote Sensing in Geothermics
۲۳ Remote Sensing in Geothermal Studies of Cold Regions
۲۳.۱ Introduction
۲۳.۱.۱ Overview of Geothermal Energy in Cold Regions
۲۳.۱.۲ Geological Context of Cold Regions
۲۳.۱.۳ Role of Remote Sensing in Geothermal Studies
۲۳.۱.۴ Theoretical Foundations of Remote Sensing
۲۳.۱.۵ Spectral Signatures and Remote Sensing Platforms
۲۳.۲ Fundamentals of Remote Sensing in Geothermal Studies
۲۳.۳ Detection of Geothermal Sources in Cold Regions
۲۳.۳.۱ Thermal Infrared (TIR) Remote Sensing
۲۳.۳.۲ Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging
۲۳.۳.۳ Mapping and Monitoring
۲۳.۴ Monitoring Geothermal Heat Fluxes in Volcanoes
۲۳.۴.۱ Radar Remote Sensing
۲۳.۵ Remote Sensing of Geothermal Heat Fluxes Beneath Ice-Covered Regions
۲۳.۵.۱ Ice Penetration Radar
۲۳.۵.۲ Monitoring Ice Dynamics
۲۳.۶ Challenges and Future Directions in Remote Sensing of Geothermal Features in Cold Regions
۲۳.۶.۱ Challenges in Remote Sensing
۲۳.۶.۲ Future Directions
۲۳.۷ Conclusion
۲۳.۸ Recommendations
References
۲۴ Heat Flow Terrestrial Mapping in Antarctica
۲۴.۱ Introduction
۲۴.۲ Geologic Context of the Study Area
۲۴.۳ Geothermal Datasets
۲۴.۳.۱ Heat Flow Data Reported in Previous Works
۲۴.۳.۲ Estimates of Heat Flow for Volcanic Regions
۲۴.۳.۳ Heat Flow Estimates for Subglacial Lakes
۲۴.۴ New Heat Flow Map of the Antarctic Continent
۲۴.۵ Conclusions
References
۲۵ Geothermal Studies of Volcanoes Using Satellites
۲۵.۱ Introduction
۲۵.۲ Volcanic Geothermal Systems
۲۵.۳ Thermal Sensors Used in Volcanic Studies
۲۵.۴ Thermal Anomaly Detection and Characterization
۲۵.۴.۱ Identifying Volcanic Hotspots
۲۵.۴.۲ Quantifying Thermal Flux
۲۵.۴.۳ Time Series Analysis of Thermal Data
۲۵.۵ Applications In Volcanology
۲۵.۵.۱ Monitoring Active Lava Lakes and Domes
۲۵.۵.۲ Detecting Precursory Thermal Activity
۲۵.۵.۳ Mapping Fumarole Fields and Hydrothermal Systems
۲۵.۵.۴ Tracking Lava Flow Emplacement
۲۵.۶ Integration With Other Geophysical Methods
۲۵.۶.۱ Correlation With Seismic Activity
۲۵.۷ ML and AI in Thermal Data Analysis
۲۵.۸ Towards Real-Time Volcanic Hazard Assessment
۲۵.۹ Conclusion
References
۲۶ Using Remote Sensing for Geothermal Exploration
۲۶.۱ Introduction
۲۶.۱.۱ Overview
۲۶.۱.۲ Objectives of the Chapter
۲۶.۲ Data Acquisition and Analysis
۲۶.۲.۱ Data Acquisition
۲۶.۲.۲ Data Analysis
۲۶.۳ Case Studies and Applications of Remote Sensing in Geothermal Exploration
۲۶.۳.۱ Land Surface Temperature
۲۶.۳.۲ Hydrothermal Alteration
۲۶.۳.۳ Structural Lineament Analysis
۲۶.۳.۴ Active Geothermal Fields and Environmental Monitoring
۲۶.۴ Challenges and Future Directions
۲۶.۵ Conclusion
References
Part IX Remote Sensing in Integrated Geophysical Problems
۲۷ Leveraging Remote Sensing Technologies for Seismic Hazards Assessments
۲۷.۱ Introduction
۲۷.۲ Seismic Hazard Assessment
۲۷.۲.۱ Classical Seismic Hazard Assessment Methodologies
۲۷.۲.۲ Machine Learning for Seismic Hazards
۲۷.۲.۳ Early Warning Systems and Seismic Hazard Assessment
۲۷.۳ Earthquake Parameters for Earthquake Early Warning and Disaster Management
۲۷.۳.۱ P-Wave Arrival Time Picking
۲۷.۳.۲ Earthquake Magnitude Estimation
۲۷.۳.۳ Peak Ground Acceleration Prediction
۲۷.۳.۴ Earthquake Localization
۲۷.۳.۵ Applied Artificial Intelligence Models for Earthquake Early Warning Systems Using Real Datasets
۲۷.۳.۵.۱ Earthquake Parameters Via Regression
۲۷.۳.۵.۲ Earthquake Parameters Via Classification
۲۷.۴ Summary
References
۲۸ Remote Sensing in Archaeology
۲۸.۱ Introduction
۲۸.۲ Remote Sensing in Archaeology
۲۸.۲.۱ Aerial Remote Sensing (Balloon, Kite, and Drone)
۲۸.۲.۱.۱ Activities in Photogrammetry
۲۸.۲.۱.۲ Magnetic Survey
۲۸.۲.۱.۳ LiDAR
۲۸.۲.۲ The Use of Satellites in Archaeology
۲۸.۲.۳ Ground-Penetrating Radar
۲۸.۳ Techniques for Processing and Analyzing Satellite Images
۲۸.۴ Corrections
۲۸.۵ Case Study: Investigating Climate Change and Its Impact On Coastal Archaeological Sites Harireh of Kish (Iran) Using Remote Sensing
۲۸.۵.۱ The Study Area
۲۸.۵.۲ Data and Study Method
۲۸.۶ Conclusion
References
۲۹ Volcano Monitoring: Using SAR Interferometry for the Pre-Unrest of La Palma and the Post-Unrest of Santorini
۲۹.۱ Volcano Monitoring Using InSAR
۲۹.۲ Case Studies: Pre-Unrest of La Palma and Post-Unrest of Santorini
۲۹.۳ Study Area
۲۹.۳.۱ La Palma
۲۹.۳.۲ Santorini
۲۹.۴ Data and Analysis
۲۹.۴.۱ Sentinel-1 – Copernicus Program
۲۹.۴.۲ DInSAR and MTInSAR (SBAS): Pre-Unrest of La Palma
۲۹.۴.۳ Interferometric Point Target Analysis: Post-Unrest of Santorini
۲۹.۵ Results
۲۹.۵.۱ Pre-Unrest of La Palma
۲۹.۵.۲ Post-Unrest of Santorini
۲۹.۶ Discussion
۲۹.۷ Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
References
۳۰ Mineral Exploration: Integrating Remote Sensing, GIS, AI, and Seismic Methods
۳۰.۱ Introduction
۳۰.۲ Remote Sensing Techniques in Mineral Exploration
۳۰.۲.۱ Remote Sensing of Hydrothermal Alteration Zones
۳۰.۳ GIS and AI Applications in Mineral Exploration
۳۰.۳.۱ Using GIS in Mineral Exploration
۳۰.۳.۱.۱ Mineral Prospectivity Mapping
۳۰.۳.۱.۲ Mineral Systems Analysis
۳۰.۳.۲ AI in Mineral Exploration: Applications and Challenges
۳۰.۳.۲.۱ Using AI in Mineral Exploration
۳۰.۳.۲.۲ Challenges to AI in Mineral Exploration
۳۰.۴ Seismic Methods in Mineral Exploration
۳۰.۴.۱ Surface Seismic Survey
۳۰.۴.۱.۱ Seismic Reflection Survey
۳۰.۴.۱.۲ Seismic Refraction Survey
۳۰.۴.۲ Subsurface Seismic Survey
۳۰.۵ Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
۳۱ Soil Textures and Urban Heat: Cooling Planning Strategies
۳۱.۱ Introduction
۳۱.۱.۱ Geological Characteristics and Urban Planning
۳۱.۱.۲ Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC)
۳۱.۲ Data and Methodology
۳۱.۳ Extraction of Urban Features
۳۱.۴ Association Between Soil Textures and LST Intensity
۳۱.۵ Mainstreaming Soil Texture Into Urban Planning
۳۱.۶ Soil Textures Controlling Urban Surface Temperature and Planning Implications
۳۱.۷ Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
۳۲ Remote Sensing Technologies for Earthquake Management
۳۲.۱ Introduction
۳۲.۲ Roles of UAVs and Robots Before, During, and After Earthquakes
۳۲.۲.۱ UAV and EQ Disaster Mitigation
۳۲.۲.۲ Robots and EQ Disaster Mitigation
۳۲.۳ Earthquake Prediction
۳۲.۳.۱ Historical Catalogs
۳۲.۳.۲ Seismic Precursors
۳۲.۴ Challenges and Perspectives of Earthquake Detection Via Modern Techniques
۳۲.۴.۱ Large Datasets for Training
۳۲.۴.۲ Denoising and Interpolation Techniques
۳۲.۴.۳ Utilizing Waveforms From Multiple Seismic Stations
۳۲.۴.۴ Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Technology
۳۲.۵ Conclusion
References
Index